Modelo psicoeducativo para la prevención del suicidio en jóvenes
- Autores: Ana María Chávez Hernández, Miriam Carolina Medina Núñez, Luis Fernando Macías García
- Localización: Salud mental, ISSN 0185-3325, Vol. 31, Nº. 3, 2008, págs. 197-203
- Idioma: español
- Títulos paralelos:
- Psycho–educative model for young suicide prevention
- Enlaces
- Dialnet Métricas: 10 Citas
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Resumen
- español
El fenómeno del suicidio impacta cada vez más en la población joven de entre 15 y 24 años de edad y en algunos países es la segunda o tercera causa de muerte en ese sector. Diversos estudios coinciden en señalar que ése es el segmento poblacional con mayor riesgo suicida y que México es uno de los países en los que esta tendencia se incrementa más rápido. Por otro lado, en el Estado de Guanajuato tienen lugar casi 5% de los suicidios ocurridos en todo el país.
El proceso dinámico y complejo del suicidio pasa por varias etapas antes de culminar en el acto que le quita la vida a la persona. Sus fases previas pueden ser identificadas oportunamente para dar pie a la intervención adecuada. De este modo, el conocimiento específico de la dinámica del suicidio sumado al reconocimiento de los factores de riesgo, reduce la probabilidad de su aparición, es decir, lo previene. Por este motivo, y como respuesta ante la falta de reportes sobre programas de prevención del suicidio en México, se presenta esta experiencia preventiva con jóvenes del nivel de educación medio superior del Estado de Guanajuato.
El objetivo del taller fue incidir en la prevención de riesgo suicida en estudiantes del nivel medio superior por medio de una estrategia psicoeducativa. El taller "Salvando Vidas", fundamentado en estudios previos en esa misma población, constó con una duración de diez horas divididas en cinco sesiones. Se evaluaron los conocimientos relativos al suicidio antes y al finalizar el taller, además de que los asistentes evaluaron al propio taller mediante un cuestionario.
El taller fue llevado a cabo en ocho de las diez preparatorias con que cuenta la Universidad de Guanajuato en el Estado. Participaron en total 69 estudiantes (69% mujeres). El promedio de edad de los asistentes fue de 16.1 años con desviación estándar de 1.3 años.
La puntuación promedio obtenida en el cuestionario de evaluación de conocimientos sobre suicidio aumentó de 12.59 respuestas correctas al inicio, a 15.97 al finalizar el taller. El rango de calificaciones se incrementó en un punto y la desviación estándar se redujo. La mejora en los conocimientos evaluados se constató mediante una prueba T para dos muestras dependientes (p<0.001). Otro de los beneficios del taller fue que favoreció el derrocamiento de mitos en torno al suicidio. En el cuestionario de evaluación del taller, el cumplimiento de los objetivos y la metodología empleada fueron calificados positivamente. Además, seis de los participantes conocían a alguien que ha intentado quitarse la vida, siete más reconocieron haber tenido ideación suicida y cinco de ellos lo habían intentado.
Se concluye que es un imperativo intervenir preventivamente con los adolescentes ya que no sólo son el grupo de mayor riesgo suicida, sino porque además son los primeros en enterarse de cualquier riesgo suicida en su grupo de amigos y además al estar capacitados para prevenirlo pueden ser multiplicadores de una mayor conciencia y de información adecuada en otros ámbitos en donde conviven. El taller demostró ser una forma eficaz de prevenir el suicidio porque no sólo aporta información sobre aspectos específicos, sino que también contempla las necesidades y posibilidades de ayudar del "Guardián informado". Además, el hecho de estar diseñado sobre la base de estudios previos con esa misma población, le hace de tal modo flexible que es posible adaptarlo para su aplicación en centros escolares de educación básica; el reto a futuro es lograr la colaboración entre todos los actores sociales que tienen algo que aportar para detener el alza del suicidio.
- English
Suicide occurrence is ever more often amongst 15–24–year–old youngsters, and it ranks as the second or third cause of death in some countries. Likewise, suicide attempts are more frequent amongst teenagers than amongst any other age group.
Several studies agree that the portion of population with the highest suicide risk is that ranging from ages 15 to 24 and that Mexico is one of the countries wherein this trend, and suicide in general, is more rapidly increasing. On the other hand, almost 5% of all the country's suicides take place in the State of Guanajuato.
The process of suicide is a complex and dynamic one that goes through a series of stages before culminating in the life–ending act. These phases, from merely picturing the idea to brandishing it as a verbal threat, planning and executing it, may very well be identified in advance, hence allowing for adequate intervention. Therefore, understanding suicide dynamics and identifying risk factors reduce the likelihood of suicide in specific populations: this is the core of suicide prevention. Such prevention programs take place within the every day environment of the people to whom they are targeted and their efficiency increase as the acknowledgement of both their needs and resources is more precise. It is because of this, and as a response to the lack of information pertaining suicide prevention programs in Mexico, that this report is presented. It stems from a preventive experience amongst high school youths in the State of Guanajuato.
The aim of the aforementioned preventive workshop was to awaken risk prevention amongst high school students through a psycho–educative strategy. The workshop, called "Saving Lives", inspired in the "Gatekeeper" model and based on previous studies of that same population, consisted of ten hours spliced in five two–hour sessions throughout which scientific information on suicide was presented, suicide–related myths analyzed, attendants were trained for detecting people at stake, and intervention, channeling and self–care suggestions were made. Suicide awareness was assessed both prior and upon workshop ending; furthermore, the workshop itself was evaluated through a questionnaire. Trained psychology students cursing the tenth semester were appointed coordinators and high school students of both sexes attended the workshop. The invitation was open to the general public and those who completed all five stages were certified "Informed Guardians".
The workshop was carried out in eight of the ten high schools administered by the Universidad de Guanajuato in the state. Sixty–nine students attended and completed all five set sessions. The average age of attendants was 16.1 years old; standard deviation was 1.3 years; 69% of them were female.
Out of 22 possible points included in the suicide knowledge evaluation questionnaire, the average result on first answering was 12.59 correct answers, which rose to 15.97 upon completing the workshop. The range of grades was increased one point for both the minimum and the maximum values and standard deviation was reduced from 2.62 to 2.49. The increase in suicide knowledge was then proved through a "T" test for two dependent samples since it showed the significance of the result increase (p<0.001).
The benefits of the workshop were tested through attendants' comments and coordinators reports analyses. Tearing down of suicide myths such as the confusion between the embracing of suicide ideas and their actual fulfillment, the consideration of suicide as a sign of either bravery or mental illness, the notion that talking about suicide with someone who has expressed his wish for committing suicide is tactless or that a suicidal does not show any warning signals were outstanding elements. The workshop evaluation questionnaire, objective fulfillment, workshop methodology, time management and topic selection were all praised by the attendants.
The third workshop evaluation instrument involved the coordinators' reports, thus corroborating the workshop reach and gaining further information: six of the attendants knew someone who had tried suicide; seven more had embraced suicidal ideas, of whom five actually tried them out actively.
"Saving Lives" left amongst its conclusions the fact that 12 out of 69 attendants acknowledged having either embraced or tried suicide previously. This could have proved motivation enough so as to become "Informed Guardians" and pin–points the importance or teenage prevention, for not only are they the group with the highest risk but also because they are the first to know of changes and/or suicide risk within their circle of friends. Besides, when trained as suicide prevention agents, they may spread the word and adequate information not only in school–based environments but wherever they happen to interact, be it at home or recreational centers, amongst many others.
Another benefit that stems from the workshop is an even more accurate definition of suicide concepts. Several suicide myths were clarified. The fact that the workshop coordinators were students was regarded as positive by both attendants and the coordinators themselves.
In spite of the appalling increase in mortality figures due to suicide, there are virtually no suicide prevention programs in Mexico, and the scarce ones are utterly limited. The proposed workshop proved a means of effective objective reach since not only does it provide information pertaining specific suicide facts but also focuses on the needs and helping possibilities embodied by the "Informed Guardians." Moreover, thanks to having been designed based on previous studies of the same population, it is so flexible a project that it can be adapted for further use in elementary schools.
Such an extensive and urgent task as suicide prevention should summon the combined effort of all social spheres. The established misconception that suicide care is a responsibility constrained to certain institutions, limits the individual responsibility so much as the society's, as well as prevention itself. An effective dispel of such conception amongst young attendants was another achievement of the workshop. The challenge now is to reach cooperation agreements with all social participants who have a word in it so as to stop and revert the current increasing trend in suicide.
- español
