Resumen de Sincronia de floraçao entre Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) e Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don (Loranthaceae) ocorrentes nas dunas de La Mancha, Veracruz, México.

Mariluza Granja Barros, Victor Rico Gray, Cecilia Díaz Castelazo

• español

  Lantana camara L. y Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don conviven simpátricamente y florecen al mismo tiempo en La Mancha, Veracruz, México. Se investigaron las estrategias de las flores (morfología, coloración, recompensas) de cada una de estas plantas y el comportamiento de los visitantes, para evaluar si la sincronía de la antesis interfiere en la eficiencia de la polinización. L. camara es una especie arbustiva, frecuente, encontrada espontáneamente en densos grupos; florece prácticamente durante todo el año y presenta bellas inflorescencias corimbosas. P. calyculatus es una planta hemi-parásita, leñosa, generalista, cuyas flores abren de julio a noviembre y sus triadas se agrupan en tirsos. Ambas especies tienen corolas tubulares, de color amarillo-anaranjado en antesis, cambiando a rojo-anaranjado al segundo día y producen néctar. Debido a su mayor frecuencia y eficiencia en la colecta del polen, los lepidópteros Agraulis vanillae, Anartia fatima, A. jatrophea y Junonia sp., fueron considerados polinizadores primarios de las flores de L. camara. Mientras que los colibríes Amazilia yucatensis y A. tzacatl se definieron en el mismo papel para P. calyculatus. Doce especies de lepidópteros que visitaron ambas especies se conceptuaron como polinizadores secundarios. Con relación a los sistemas reproductivos, las observaciones mostraron que L. camara y P. calyculatus son xenogámicas y auto-incompatibles. De acuerdo con los datos obtenidos sobre la floración convergente, la similitud en la coloración floral y el síndrome de polinización de Lantana camara y Psittacanthus calyculatus, se sugiere que esas especies están involucradas en un tipo de asociación floral en el cual las dos se benefician igualmente.

• English

  Lantana camara L. and Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don occur sympatrically and flower synchronously at La Mancha, Veracruz, Mexico. Floral strategies as morphology, colour and rewards, as well as visitors behaviour, were investigated to evaluate if floral synchrony influences pollination efficiency. L. camara is a common shrub, which occurs in clumps, flowers throughout the year, and displays showy corymbose inflorescences. P. calyculatus is a woody hemiparasite, with conspicuous inflorescences, that flowers from July to November. Both species are nectar producers, have flowers with tubular corollas, which are yellow-orange at anthesis, turning to reddish-yellow when fading. Because of their frequency and the ability to contact the sexual organs, as main (primary) pollinators of L. camara are considered the lepidopteran Agraulis vanillae, Anartia fatima, A. jatropha and Junonia sp .; whereas the hummingbirds Amazilia yucatensis and A. tzacatl, are suggested as primary pollinators of P. calyculatus. Twelve species of lepidopterans which visited flowers of both species were considered as secondary pollinators. Breeding systems tests revealed that L. camara and P. calyculatus are xenogamous and self-incompatible. Data from floral convergence, floral colour similarities and pollination syndromes suggest that these species are involved in a floral association in which both have equal benefit.Lantana camara L. and Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don occur sympatrically and flower synchronously at La Mancha, Veracruz, Mexico. Floral strategies as morphology, colour and rewards, as well as visitors behaviour, were investigated to evaluate if floral synchrony influences pollination efficiency. L. camara is a common shrub, which occurs in clumps, flowers throughout the year, and displays showy corymbose inflorescences. P. calyculatus is a woody hemiparasite, with conspicuous inflorescences, that flowers from July to November. Both species are nectar producers, have flowers with tubular corollas, which are yellow-orange at anthesis, turning to reddish-yellow when fading. Because of their frequency and the ability to contact the sexual organs, as main (primary) pollinators of L. camara are considered the lepidopteran Agraulis vanillae, Anartia fatima, A. jatropha and Junonia sp .; whereas the hummingbirds Amazilia yucatensis and A. tzacatl, are suggested as primary pollinators of P. calyculatus. Twelve species of lepidopterans which visited flowers of both species were considered as secondary pollinators. Breeding systems tests revealed that L. camara and P. calyculatus are xenogamous and self-incompatible. Data from floral convergence, floral colour similarities and pollination syndromes suggest that these species are involved in a floral association in which both have equal benefit.Lantana camara L. and Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don occur sympatrically and flower synchronously at La Mancha, Veracruz, Mexico. Floral strategies as morphology, colour and rewards, as well as visitors behaviour, were investigated to evaluate if floral synchrony influences pollination efficiency. L. camara is a common shrub, which occurs in clumps, flowers throughout the year, and displays showy corymbose inflorescences. P. calyculatus is a woody hemiparasite, with conspicuous inflorescences, that flowers from July to November. Both species are nectar producers, have flowers with tubular corollas, which are yellow-orange at anthesis, turning to reddish-yellow when fading. Because of their frequency and the ability to contact the sexual organs, as main (primary) pollinators of L. camara are considered the lepidopteran Agraulis vanillae, Anartia fatima, A. jatropha and Junonia sp .; whereas the hummingbirds Amazilia yucatensis and A. tzacatl, are suggested as primary pollinators of P. calyculatus. Twelve species of lepidopterans which visited flowers of both species were considered as secondary pollinators. Breeding systems tests revealed that L. camara and P. calyculatus are xenogamous and self-incompatible. Data from floral convergence, floral colour similarities and pollination syndromes suggest that these species are involved in a floral association in which both have equal benefit.

• português

  Lantana camara L . e Psittacanthus calyculatus (DC.) G. Don, ocorrem simpatricamente e florescem em sincronia em La Mancha, Veracruz, México. Foram investigadas as estratégias florais (morfologia, coloração, recompensas) de cada espécie e o comportamento dos visitantes florais para se avaliar até que ponto a sincronia de floração interfere na eficiência de polinização. L. camara é uma espécie arbustiva, freqüente, ocorre formando densas touceiras, floresce praticamente durante o ano todo e apresenta vistosas inflorescências corimbosas. P. calyculatus é uma espécie hemiparasita, lenhosa, floresce de julho a novembro com densas inflorescências conspícuas. Ambas as espécies têm flores produtoras de néctar, tubulosas, de cor amarelo-alaranjada ao desabrochar, mudando para o vermelho-alaranjado no segundo dia. Devido à maior freqüência às flores de L. camara e à eficiência na coleta de pólen, os lepidópteros Agraulis vanillae, Anartia fatima, A. jatrophea e Junonia sp . foram considerados polinizadores primários enquanto que os beija-flores Amazilia yucatanensis, A. tzacatl foram considerados polinizadores primários de P. calyculatus. Doze espécies de lepidópteros visitaram indistintamente L. camara e P. calyculatus, tendo sido denominados polinizadores secundários. Com relação aos sistemas reprodutivos, os testes demonstraram que L. camara e P. calyculatus são xenogâmicas e auto-incompatíveis. Os dados obtidos, sobre a floração convergente, a similaridade na coloração floral e a síndrome de polinização de L. camara e P. calyculatus, sugerem que essas espécies estão envolvidas em um tipo de associação floral, no qual as duas beneficiam-se igualmente.