This article discusses the impact of the judgment of the Court of Justice in Toshiba on the multi-level system of competition law enforcement introduced by Regulation 1/2003. The article argues that the ruling of the Court may lead to a further decentralisation of competition law enforcement in Europe. In particular, by narrowing down the scope of application of art.11(6) of Regulation 1/2003, and by imposing a high burden of proof for the application of the ne bis in idem principle, the Court's interpretation has eroded two pillars which have so far safeguarded the stability of the multilevel competition policy enforcement system in the European Union.
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