After explaining the different meanings of the principle of equality with particular reference to the distinction between legal equality, typical of the rule of law, and substantial equality, promoted by democratic constitutionalism after World War II, the paper attempts to focus on the European dimension of equality construed as a legal tool to defeat factual discriminations. In this framework, two recent cases are discussed (collective expulsion of Rom people and compulsory display of crucifixes in public schools), which demonstrate the persistence of subtle discrimination on ethnic and religious grounds, to confirm that the principle of equality in the multiethnic and multicultural society should ensure respect for diversity in order to promote a non-hegemonic integration of ethnic groups with different cultural and religious backgrounds.
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