In 1693 the indigenous artist Francisco Chivantito completed the Virgin of Montserrat, devoted to the titular saint of the church in Chinchero, Peru. Illustrating an Iberian holy image and landscape, along with Inca elites and architecture, this painting weaves Andean symbolic and spatial understanding with European painting conventions to create a multivalent image that encompassed both Roman Catholic teachings and indigenous understandings of sacredness and history. Chivantito’s layered narrative addressed the realities of life in the indigenous parish and also affords one of the few known examples of a local landscape illustration in a colonial Andean painting.
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