Ronald J. Gillespie, James N. Spencer, Richard S. Moog
Alternative methods of introducing students to atomic energy levels and electron configurations are presented based on experimental evidence rather than quantum mechanics. A shell model of atomic structure can be developed from the periodic table, and from first ionization energies of the atoms. This model can then be elaborated through the use of photoelectron spectroscopy to obtain electron configurations. The development of these ideas from experimental results provides an example of the method of scientific inquiry, and also a simpler and less mysterious introduction to these concepts.
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