Teoría de la guerra de Clausewitz en la lucha contra la insurgencia (coin): ¿mantiene su validez?

• Autores: Luis Francisco Cepeda Lucas
• Localización: Revista del Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos, ISSN-e 2255-3479, Nº. 7, 2016, págs. 59-87
• Idioma: español
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• Resumen
  • español

    Following the bloody attacks on Washington and New York on September 11, 2001, the United States got involved in a Global War on Terror, GWOT, leading military forces to insist on dedicating most of their human resources and materials in the fight against Islamist fanaticism and extremism throughout the world, in particular in Afghanistan and Iraq. But the need to confront this specific type of adversary in these two scenarios, and within its particular context, led the armed forces to adopt a special form of military power, different from that which had traditionally been used to face a conventional adversary.

    Thus, the war on insurgency (COIN) in the last decade became the main focus for the American armed forces and for those from other western countries, with multiple implications in the organizational and doctrinal fields, and, above all, in the change of mindset of its participants, more prone to combat an adversary in symmetric terms, and with the application of maximum strength combat for a rapid and total destruction. In short, it meant a change in the paradigm of the preferred use of force in the military culture, and the way to wage war by the members of Western armies, particularly of the United States.

    Therefore, the adoption of what may be called the “COIN paradigm” has dominated the action of the American armed forces to fulfill their mission in Afghanistan and Iraq up to the strategic change imposed by the Obama administration in 2012, moment in which there was a redirection of priorities of the essential postulates of the security and defense policy of the United States toward the Asia-Pacific scenario.

    This has led one to question the current validity of the general principles identified in armed conflicts throughout history; in other words, the fundamentals of the theory on war that have controlled the organization, preparation, and equipment of armies in the past.

    This article intends to analyze the persistence of the nature of war in its traditional concept, within the context of the COIN paradigm, as the form of conflict that prevails presently. To do so, the theory of war of the famous Prussian philosopher Carl von Clausewitz, published in his major work On War, has been used as a basis for this study. Written during the first half of the 19th century, in light of his experiences and reflections about the Napoleonic campaigns, it is still a required reference for all studies regarding the nature of war. This theory is analyzed in view of the basic principles of today’s predominant adversary: insurgency, with COIN as the strategy to combat it.

    The hypothesis for the development of this analysis is that war, in the sense of the struggle between the will of two adversaries to prevail, through the use of force, has intrinsic principles and a logic that are identifiable and can also be extended to the dynamics which are characteristic of a COIN struggle. The analysis undertaken will lead to the development of conclusions regarding the degree of applicability of the premises characteristic of a theory of war, such as the one of the famous Clausewitz in the struggle against insurgency and, with it, if the theory of the brilliant Prussian is still valid in a COIN context. In short, whether the death certificate of the famous Prussian should be issued, or he is still alive and in good health.

  • español

    Tras los atentados del 11-S y las operaciones militares en Afganistán e Irak, la lucha contra la insurgencia (COIN) se convirtió en el paradigma para el empleo del poder militar en EEUU y sus aliados. Este tipo de guerra ha exigido una importante adaptación de la doctrina, equipamiento, organización y adiestramiento de las fuerzas militares occidentales. Pero sobre todo, COIN ha cuestionado la validez de los principios fundamentales de la guerra, formulados por el prusiano Carl von Clausewitz hace unos dos siglos. No obstante, un análisis de los argumentos centrales de la teoría clausewitziana, examinados a la luz de los principios fundamentales de COIN, permiten concluir la relevancia actual de la teoría del genial prusiano. La subordinación de la guerra a los fines políticos y la concepción trinitaria con las tres fuerzas principales que interaccionan en la guerra, son claramente identificables en el contexto de lucha COIN de los conflictos actuales. Clausewitz continúa vivo y con buena salud. After the 9/11 attacks and consequent military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, counterinsurgency (COIN) became the paradigm for the employment of military power in U.S. and allies countries. This form of warfare required an important adaptation in doctrine, equipment, organization, and training for Western military forces. But moreover, COIN questioned the validity of war fundamental principles as formulated by the Prussian Carl von Clausewitz about two centuries ago. Nevertheless, the analysis of Clausewitz’s key theory arguments under the prism of COIN principles concludes the present relevance of the genius Prussian’s theory. Subordination of war to political ends, and the “wondrous trinity” of three main tendencies that interacts in war, are clearly identifiable in the context of present COIN conflicts. Clausewitz is alive and well.