When men and women differ in self-esteem and when they don’t: A meta-analysis

• Autores: Miron Zuckerman, Chen Li, Judith A. Hall
• Localización: Journal of Research in Personality, ISSN-e 1095-7251, Vol. 64, Nº. 0, 2016, págs. 34-51
• Idioma: inglés
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• Resumen

  • Abstract A meta-analysis of gender differences in self-esteem (1148 studies from 2009 to 2013; total N = 1,170,935) found a small difference, g = 0.11 (95% CI = 0.10–0.13), favoring males. Additionally, (1) the gender difference increased with age until late adolescence, and declined afterwards; (2) Whites, Hispanics, and Asian Americans showed the same gender difference whereas African Americans and marginal groups (e.g., immigrants) did not show any difference; (3) the gender difference was larger in more developed countries characterized by values that espouse equality and freedom; and (4) inspection of previous reviews showed that the gender difference emerged after the 1970s, increased until 1995, and declined afterwards. A three-stage model of comparison processes was proposed to account for these results.