R. Ryan, R. Gutierrez Quintana, G. TerHaar, S. De Decker
CONGENTIAL vertebral malformations are common in small brachycephalic dogs and are most frequently found in the thoracic vertebral column, affecting single or multiple vertebrae. Although the exact aetiology is unclear, they are assumed to be hereditary.
This study aimed to describe and compare the type and prevalence of thoracic vertebral malformations in French bulldogs, pugs and English bulldogs, with and without neurological deficits.
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