The microscopic organisms that live inside and on humans are not necessarily pests or freeloaders. Outnumbering their own cells by 10 to 1, they form ecosystems called microbiomes that play a vital role in keeping humans healthy. Which microbes they harbor depend on their environment, diet and lifestyle. Since human's ancestors co-evolved with an array of microbes and parasites that people in most developed countries no longer encounter, human microbiomes must have shifted over the millennia as they made the transitions from hunter-gatherers to farmers to urbanites. But bacterial remains rarely survive the ravages of decomposition and fossilization, so direct study of ancient microbiomes seemed out of reach. Here, Levy examines how and why human microbiomes have changed
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