Earth is special. Not only is it the only rocky planet known to host life, but it is also the only one with tectonic plates. These shifting sheets of rock bring hot mantle to the cool surface, which helps the planet release internal heat. But because the plates constantly recycle rock, destroying evidence, no one knows how tectonics got started. Jupiter's volcanic moon lo may have the answer. The tiny moon cools through widespread volcanism, driven by "heat pipes" that transport heat to its surface without tectonics. If that's how early Earth built up its rigid outer shell and broke it into moveable parts, there could be a record of it in the oldest rocks.
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