Pearce examines how the shifting age structure of a population could affect a country's fate in surprising ways. He details that a country goes through a demographic transition as increasing numbers of infants reach adulthood and then move into middle and old age. It is generally accompanied by developments in infrastructure, urbanization and education, and so it can sometimes be difficult to pick apart the relative contributions of the different forces shaping a country. Nevertheless, the claim now being made is that a country's population dynamics can provide a crude indicator through which humans can understand its history and perhaps predict its future. At the root of the demographic transition are developments in medical care, which steadily sculpt a nation from the bottom up.
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