Resumen de Variedad de modelos ortológicos en los manuales europeos y americanos para la enseñanza o el (auto)aprendizaje de la pronunciación española
- español
Este artículo analiza un corpus de manuales de pronunciación española publicados en Europa (España e Italia) y en América (Estados Unidos de América, Canadá y Brasil) a partir de los años setenta, dirigidos a aprendientes no hispanohablantes.
El trabajo pretende contestar las siguientes preguntas: ¿qué modelo de pronunciación se adopta en los manuales para el (auto)aprendizaje de la pronunciación española, dirigidos a no hispanohablantes? ¿Se puede observar una convergencia hacia un único modelo o bien reflejan estos manuales una pluralidad de modelos diferentes? ¿Qué sitio ocupa la norma castellana centroseptentrional? ¿Sigue siendo la única norma de referencia en Europa? Y en América, ¿sigue disfrutando del prestigio del que ha gozado durante largo tiempo? En fin, ¿cuáles son las características fonológicas y fonéticas concretas de las normas de pronunciación utilizadas en estos manuales?
- English
This paper analyses a corpus of Spanish pronunciation manuals published in Europe (Spain and Italy) and in the Americas (United States, Canada, and Brazil) from the 1970s onwards, which are aimed at second-language learners.
The aim is to answer the following questions: Which pronunciation model is adopted in (self-)learning pronunciation manuals for non-native speakers of Spanish in Europe and America? Is it possible to observe a convergence towards a unique model or do these manuals reflect a plurality of different models? What is the role of the Castilian norm? Is it still the only reference model in Europe? Is it still viewed as a prestige model in non-Spanish speaking parts of the American continent, as it has been for a long time? Finally, what are the phonetic and phonological characteristics of the pronunciation norms employed in these manuals? The results of the analysis show that the manuals in the corpus reflect a plurality of different pronunciation models.
The Castilian norm, which distinguishes between /θ/ and /s/, and in most manuals also between /ʎ/ and /ʝ/, still has an undisputed primary role in Europe. In America, by contrast, three basic models can be observed, namely a neutral American— which in its main features coincides with the Spanish of Latin American highlands—, the European one, and Buenos Aires Spanish. Moreover, it must be pointed out that in American manuals the European model is always an alternative to the neutral American one and it is never proposed as a unique reference standard. Brazilian manuals, on the other hand, represent an anomalous case due to the lack of a unique reference standard as the teaching model.
In this case, the three mentioned reference models represent alternative options based on characteristics of different kinds, as discussed in the article.
