Perfil de inteligencia emocional: construcción, validez y confiabilidad
- Autores: José Francisco Cortés Sotres, Clemente Barragán Velásquez, María de Lourdes Vázquez Cruz
- Localización: Salud mental, ISSN 0185-3325, Vol. 25, Nº. 5, 2002, págs. 50-60
- Idioma: español
- Enlaces
- Dialnet Métricas: 4 Citas
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Resumen
- español
El estudio de la inteligencia debe entenderse a partir de una visión retrospectiva, que permita su definición dentro de la evolución del pensamiento humano. Se pueden distinguir tres etapas históricas: el enfoque empírico, el psicométrico y el de las inteligencias múltiples. La inteligencia se ha conceptualizado como una capacidad global del individuo para actuar racionalmente y con éxito. Sin embargo, se ha visto que un cociente de inteligencia (CI) alto no garantiza prosperidad, prestigio ni éxito en la vida, lo que ha propiciado el cuestionamiento del constructo clásico de inteligencia.
Esto ha llevado a plantear que no existe una sola inteligencia sino múltiples manifestaciones de ésta, lo que ha derivado en una recategorización de la inteligencia en un constructo denominado inteligencia emocional. La inteligencia emocional es un constructo que contempla la habilidad para monitorear los sentimientos y las emociones propias y las de los demás, para discriminar entre ellas y utilizar esta información como guía de los pensamientos y las acciones.
Este constructo presenta gran dificultad para su evaluación, existen aproximaciones paradigmáticas y escalares, estas últimas se dirigen primordialmente hacia el medio laboral y son empleadas por consultores en desarrollo organizacional, se trata de escalas cortas con baja validez de contenido. En México no existen actualmente instrumentos escalares para la medición de la inteligencia emocional.
El instrumento desarrollado permite obtener una medición de la inteligencia emocional en ocho escalas que conforman un perfil, dichas escalas son: Inhibición de impulsos: refleja la habilidad que tiene una persona para controlar el comportamiento impulsivo; Empatía: capacidad de los sujetos para sentir, comprender e identificar las emociones de los otros: Optimismo: actitud positiva que presentan los sujetos ante la vida; Habilidad social: se refiere a la capacidad de una persona para relacionarse con otras en situaciones convencionales; Expresión emocional: capacidad del sujeto para expresar sus emociones, afectos y sentimientos; Reconocimiento de logro: capacidad de reflexión y autocrítica hacia los propios actos; Autoestima: capacidad que se tiene para reconocer la autoeficacia ante diversas situaciones; Nobleza: intención de actuar en beneficio de los demás aceptándolos y sin intentar dominar.
Se efectuó el procedimiento de validación y confiabilidad con una muestra de dos etapas conformada por 723 personas, entre los 16 y los 80 años de edad; 49.2% masculinos y 50.8% femeninos. La muestra fue de tipo no probabilístico y los sujetos participantes dieron su consentimiento para la aplicación del instrumento. El perfil alcanzó una consistencia interna de a=0.958. Los ocho factores calculados por medio de análisis factorial por el método de componentes principales y confirmados por medio de análisis estructural explican el 47.8% de la varianza común.
El modelo se evaluó por medio de análisis lineal estructural, utilizando el programa AMOS V6.3 y se alcanzaron los siguientes criterios: X2 (16) = 93.95; p<0.001, el índice de ajuste resultó de AGFI=93% y el error por mínimos cuadrados fue de RMSEA=0.08. Estos valores representan un buen ajuste. Otro análisis estructural interescalas consideró la inhibición de impulsos como la escala principal de la inteligencia emocional de las personas. Se concluye que el Perfil de Inteligencia Emocional es válido y confiable.
El análisis estructural efectuado entre las escalas del perfil muestra un patrón plausible de aspectos antecedentes y consecuentes de la inteligencia emocional. El modelo obtenido es no recursivo, es decir, presenta trayectorias cerradas; esto implica que las variables implicadas en la evaluación del constructo de la inteligencia emocional se retroalimentan y potencializan.
El perfil de inteligencia emocional permitirá estudiar este concepto bajo diversas hipótesis, y de ser posible encontrar perfiles específicos para diferentes poblaciones, en particular aquéllas caracterizadas por problemas de salud mental.
- English
The study of intelligence must be approached through a retrospective view allowing it to be defined within the evolution of human thought. Three historical stages may be established:
Empirical: it includes the ability of a person tu use his/her capacity in order to cope with the challenges of daily life; this is merely empiric and associated with the cultural environment of the group.
Psychometric: it was defined at the end of the XIX century.
Works like those of Galton, in 1877, who was the creator of the concept of correlation with which one could associate several psychological variables in terms of the individual differences, are highlighted. Pearson formalized the theory of correlation and permited, therefore, the prediction of psychological variables based on the knowledge of others. In 1904 Spearman made a significant contribution to the use of the method of correlation when the theory of the two factors of intelligence, general and specific, was published. Binet developed the concept of IQ and Catell developed the first test of intelligence based on 50 subtests of sensorial capacities. Multiple Intelligences: Guilford, in 1936 and Thurstone in 1946 sustained the existence of several factors or components of intelligence, and were first to approach the concept of multiple intelligence. Thorndike sustained that the quantitative measurement of intelligence involved several types of approaches, the abstract or verbal, the empirical and the social. At the beginning of the 70’s Gardner sustained the thesis of the existence of a mental structure with multiple intelligence, mentioning seven different types. Intelligence has been conceptualized as an individual’s overall ability to act rationally and successfully.
However, it has been noted that a high intelligence quotient (IQ) is by no means a warranty leading to achieve prosperity, prestige, and success in life. This has brought about the classical intelligence construct being put into question. And also has lead to propose that there is not only a single form of intelligence but that there are several different types. This, in turn, has lead to re-categorize intelligence into a construct called emotional intelligence.
Emotional intelligence is a construct which takes into account the individual’s ability to monitor his/her own feelings and emotions and those of others, in order to discriminate between them and use this information as a guide for thoughts and actions. The evaluation of this construct poses a great difficulty because, even though there are some paradigmatic and scalar approaches, these are mainly directed towards work environment and used by organizational development advisors. In addition, the scales being used are short ones with a low validity content. Presently, there are no scalar instruments available in Mexico, to measure emotional intelligence. It was determined that our instrument will present a format of inventory, items formed by a statement that represents a feature of paradigmatic behavior of the emotional intelligence, with options to answer true or false. The inventory is formed by independent scale, which as a whole form a profile. The content of the instrument is based on three sources: The emotional abilities described by Gardner which are: capacity to cultivate relationships and maintain friendships, capacity to solve conflicts and dexterity for social analysis. The second source is described by Salovey:
capacity to know and manage own emotions, to recognize emotions in others, and to manage interpersonal relationships. And finally, in the third place, we used the factors of the International Association for the Emotional Applied Intelligence. These include emotional control, self-esteem, control of impulses, handling of stress, social ability, handling of goals, automotivation and positive attitudes. The instrument which has been developed allows for emotional intelligence to be measured in eight scales in order to render a profile: impulse inhibition, empathy, optimism, social skills, emotional expression, achievement acknowledgement, selfesteem, and kindness. A non-probabilistic sample was used in a two-stage procedure including 723 individuals, between 16-80 years, where 49% of them were males and 50.8% females.
Individuals involved gave their consent for the instrument to be applied. A validation and reliability procedure was carried out.
The profile reached an alpha=0.95 internal consistency quotient.
The eight aspects calculated by means of the factor analysis, through the main component method, and confirmed by structural analysis account for the 47.8% of common variance. The model was evaluated through a linear structural analysis using the AMOS V6.3 program. The following criteria were reached: X2 (16) = 93.95;
p<0.001, adjustment general fit index was AGFI=93% and root minimum square error adjusted was RMSEA=0.08. These values show a good adjustment. Another inter-scalar structural analysis considered impulse inhibition as the main scale in people’s emotional intelligence. It was concluded that the Emotional Intelligence Profile was valid and reliable. Structural analysis carried out between profile scales shows a plausible pattern of QE previous and consequent features for emotional intelligence. The model obtained is non-recursive, this means that it presents closed trajectories. In other words, variables taken into account in evaluating the emotional intelligence construct feedback and potencialize one another. Each subscale refers to: a) Impulse inhibition: the ability that a person has to control impulsivity and to delay reinforcement; besides, it also is the ability to shift emotional states according with environment; b) Empathy, or the ability to identify self emotions and the feelings of others, and therefore to attain emotional agreement; c) Optimism, this is the positive attitude towards daily life, and it covers cognitive, emotional and behavioral aspects; d) Social skills, this means the ability to learn new behaviors to adapt to the environment and to discriminate certain behaviors in specific situations, with the aim of adapting to society; e) Emotional expression, this is the ability to express emotional states in adequate situations; f) Achievement’s acknowledgement, it’s the cognitive ability to accept personal success and own well being, obtained along life; g) Self-esteem, in the traditional concept; it’s the cognitive and emotional reasoning about self, from a critical angle; h) Kindness, it’s a new construct which means the attitude of a person in the sense of preserving the well-being of others. The emotional intelligence profile will allow to study this concept considering several hypothesis, and, if it happens to be the case, to find specific profiles for different groups, mainly those characterized by mental health disturbances.
- español
