Resumen de Long-Term Strength Adaptation: A 15-Year Analysis of Powerlifting Athletes
Christopher Latella, Wei-Peng Teo, Jemima Spathis, Daniel J. van den Hoek
Strength is a fundamental component of athletic performance and development. This investigation examined the long-term strength development of powerlifting (PL) athletes. The rate of strength gain/day was assessed in 1897 PL athletes (F = 626, M = 1,271) over a 15-year period (2003-2018). Independent T-tests explored sex differences in baseline absolute (kg) and relative strength (kg[middle dot]body mass-1 [bm]) recorded from the first competition, and strength gain/day (kg[middle dot]d-1). Analyses based on initial strength quartiles were conducted using one-way analysis of variances with significance set at p < 0.05. Bivariate correlational analysis tested for relationships between strength gain/day and baseline strength, the number of competitions, and mean days between competitions. Males had greater absolute (M: 513.3 +/- 99.8 kg, F: 289.4 +/- 55.7 kg, p < 0.001) and relative (M: 5.89 +/- 1.04 kg[middle dot]bm-1, F: 4.27 +/- 0.85 kg[middle dot]bm-1, p < 0.001) strength at baseline. Overall, strength gain/day (F: 0.12 +/- 0.69 kg[middle dot]d-1, M: 0.15 +/- 0.44 kg[middle dot]d-1, p = 0.318) was similar between sexes. However, the strongest males showed a lower rate of strength improvement (0.102 kg[middle dot]d-1) compared with least strong males (0.211 kg[middle dot]d-1), p = 0.010. No differences were observed across quartiles for females. Correlational analyses revealed significant but weak negative relationships between strength gain/day and the mean days between competitions for females (r2 = -0.120, p = 0.003) and males (r2 = -0.190, p < 0.001). Similar relationships were observed for baseline strength (r2 = -0.073, p = 0.009) and the number of competitions (r2 = -0.111, p < 0.001) for males. The results suggest similar strength adaptation between sexes. The strongest males improve more slowly, possibly due to a ceiling effect. Collectively, the findings provide novel evidence of real-world long-term strength adaptations that may be particularly useful to understand athlete development, to aid periodized programming, and to benchmark strength over time.
