For a system to work effectively, each component must act reliably. The student is an essential component in a teaching machine system: in particular, he exerts considerable control over the time constraints of the system. Yet it is unlikely that the • student‐‐because of external and internal pressures‐‐can always work in a reliable way, and so the teaching system may operate in a less than optimum manner. In this paper American and British experiments concerned with this aspect of programmed instruction are reviewed. It is concluded, despite the limited nature of the evidence available, that there are conditions where learning under conditions of self‐pacing may be less efficient than learning with others and/or under some form of external pacing.
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