Unfortunately, the Caesarean scholar has long been described as promoting opportunistic apologetics, ruthless Constantinian politics, and a triumphalist realized eschatology at what was seen as a uniquely secure moment for Christians in the Roman Empire. For Eusebius, demons are material beings, envious, deceitful, dark, irrational, enslaving, and barbaric—fitting foot soldiers for Satan and appropriate adversaries for the angels who face them in a bipolarized cosmos. In order to resist demonic influence, Christian leaders must inculcate Christ’s more ethical teaching. Because Constantine was the most prominent Christian leader, Johannessen argues, his imitation of the divine disseminates the divine virtues that restrain demons.
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