Resumen de Efectos del apoyo al ambiente familiar en el lenguaje y la alfabetización de niños de 4 a 6 años en contextos desfavorecidos

Pelusa Orellana García, María Francisca Valenzuela Hasenohr, Malva Villalón Bravo, Magdalena Rosati

• español

  En las últimas décadas han surgido distintas iniciativas de alfabetización familiar para contribuir al desarrollo de las habilidades de lectura y escritura a través de experiencias lingüísticas tempranas de alta calidad, que compensan las brechas de origen socioeconómico en la población infantil. Este estudio da cuenta de las mejoras obtenidas por estudiantes chilenos de los dos últimos años de preescolar (prekindergarten y kindergarten) de nivel socioeconómico bajo, cuyos padres y/o cuidadores asistieron a un programa de talleres para implementar actividades de lectura de cuentos y juegos verbales compartidos en el hogar. Usando un diseño cuasi experimental se constató que aquellos niños cuyos padres asistieron a los talleres de habilidades de alfabetización obtuvieron mejoras significativas en dos habilidades de alfabetización: la competencia narrativa y el reconocimiento del alfabeto. Estos resultados fueron significativamente superiores a los de sus pares cuyos padres no participaron de los talleres, lo que sugiere que programas de intervención en el ambiente familiar permiten fortalecer habilidades de lenguaje y de alfabetización de los niños, contribuyendo a mejorar la condición de quienes ingresan al sistema escolar con mayores desventajas por su situación de vulnerabilidad.

• English

  Several family literacy initiatives to promote early reading and literacy skills have emerged in the last few decades. These initiatives provide high-quality linguistic experiences that compensate for socioeconomic gaps among young children. Among other activities, family literacy programs provide families with books, strategies, and other materials that allow them to engage in meaningful linguistic interactions, enhance vocabulary and syntax development, and build conceptual knowledge through conversations about stories, rhymes, and other printed material. Children’s ability to construct narrative discourse from stories and picture books that have been explored and discussed with adults is of particular importance. For example, converging evidence demonstrates that children who can produce coherent narrative discourse have less difficulty learning to comprehend texts in school. Similarly, facilitating children’s interaction with written text through shared reading and dialogue over printed material has proven to facilitate alphabet knowledge acquisition, a skill that later facilitates learning to read and write in school. This study discusses the gains of low socioeconomic background Chilean students ages 4 to 6, whose parents enrolled in family literacy workshops to implement read aloud and language games at home. The purpose of the workshops is to provide parents and caregivers with a structured, evidence-based framework with the purpose of promoting literacy and socioemotional development among children. Parents and other caregivers who volunteered to participate in the program attended 12 biweekly workshops where they learned and engaged in shared reading, oral interactions and language games at home with their children. These activities were modeled by coaches, and parents later practiced them and received feedback. Each family received books and games at every workshop session, and these materials were utilized by them when they read to their children. Using a quasi-experimental design, it was possible to see that, although both groups increased their narrative and alphabet knowledge skills over the 12-week period, students whose parents attended the program had significantly higher scores on a narrative skills task and alphabet knowledge than their peers whose parents did not. As expected, older children in the treatment group outperformed their younger peers in narrative skills. In terms of alphabet knowledge, the children in the treatment group nearly doubled the scores of those in the control group, suggesting that the interactions and language games facilitated the acquisition of this kind of knowledge. These findings suggest that well-structured, evidence-based family literacy intervention programs can strengthen children’s language skills, particularly among those who enter school with lower literacy levels given their vulnerability status. In high-poverty contexts as those of most Latin American countries, family literacy programs are an important asset to narrow the learning gaps prior to school entry.