Resumen de Comprensión, confianza y ética en las entrevistas con personas migrantes

María Emilia Tijoux, Constanza Ambiado Cortés, Víctor Veloso Luarte

• español

  La investigación social cualitativa de la vida de las personas migrantes en Chile implica indagar en el sufrimiento social que se erige sobre la “condición migratoria” que se produce. El progresivo recrudecimiento de las políticas migratorias tanto a nivel nacional como internacional desde finales del siglo XX ha profundizado más aún los efectos de la pandemia COVID 19, generando un complejo escenario para la investigación en esta área por dos motivos: la modalidad online que asume el ejercicio de la entrevista, y el aumento de las fricciones en la relación entre chilenos y migrantes. En este texto nos preguntamos cómo investigar a alguien que sufre, para lo cual nos detenemos, por un lado, en la entrevista como ejercicio que debe ser vigilante de las condiciones estructurales en que ocurre y que pueden producir violencia simbólica, a la vez que debe tender a la comprensión de lo social desde la singularidad de una vida que la entrevista atiende. Esto implica considerar que la ética de la investigación recorre al ejercicio mismo de, en este caso, la entrevista, con lo que no es una constricción exterior al método, sino parte integrante de su despliegue. Los consentimientos informados juegan un rol fundamental en la consecución de lo anterior, sin embargo, muchas veces resultan ser protocolos estandarizados que no logran proteger ni informar a los sujetos participantes, dado su lenguaje técnico y la poca reflexión sobre la relación social que establecen, con lo que el Consentimiento Informado termina por instalarse en la distancia entre quien investiga y quien participa de la investigación. Es por ello que es preciso detenernos a considerar qué se comprende por ética, para hacer de la entrevista una institución justa que se construya en el reconocimiento del otro como parte del ejercicio de la investigación. Así, la ética en la investigación social cualitativa debe reconocerse a la vez como situada y, por ello, como reflexiva y no estandarizada. De este modo, concluimos sosteniendo que en la investigación social cualitativa, comprensión y ética se imbrican en un solo ejercicio.

  Qualitative social research on the lives of migrants in Chile involves investigating the social suffering that arises from the "migratory condition" that is produced. The progressive recrudescence of migration policies both at national and international level since the end of the 20th century has further deepened the effects of the COVID 19 pandemic, generating a complex scenario for research in this area for two reasons: the online modality assumed by the interviewing exercise, and the increase of frictions in the relationship between Chileans and migrants. In this text we ask ourselves how to investigate someone who suffers, for which we stop, on the one hand, in the interview as an exercise that should be vigilant of the structural conditions in which it occurs and that can produce symbolic violence, while it should tend to the understanding of the social from the singularity of a life that the interview attends. This implies considering that the ethics of research runs through the very exercise of, in this case, the interview, so that it is not an external constraint to the method, but an integral part of its deployment. Informed consents play a fundamental role in the achievement of the above, however, they often turn out to be standardized protocols that fail to protect or inform the participating subjects, given their technical language and the little reflection on the social relationship they establish, with the result that Informed Consent ends up being installed in the distance between the researcher and the research participant. This is why it is necessary to stop and consider what is understood by ethics, in order to make the interview a fair institution that is built on the recognition of the other as part of the research exercise. Thus, ethics in qualitative social research must be recognized as both situated and, therefore, as reflexive and non-standardized. Thus, we conclude by arguing that in qualitative social research, understanding and ethics are imbricated in a single exercise.

• English

  Qualitative social research on the lives of migrants in Chile involves investigating the social suffering that arises from the "migratory condition" that is produced. The progressive recrudescence of migration policies both at national and international level since the end of the 20th century has further deepened the effects of the COVID 19 pandemic, generating a complex scenario for research in this area for two reasons: the online modality assumed by the interviewing exercise, and the increase of frictions in the relationship between Chileans and migrants. In this text we ask ourselves how to investigate someone who suffers, for which we stop, on the one hand, in the interview as an exercise that should be vigilant of the structural conditions in which it occurs and that can produce symbolic violence, while it should tend to the understanding of the social from the singularity of a life that the interview attends. This implies considering that the ethics of research runs through the very exercise of, in this case, the interview, so that it is not an external constraint to the method, but an integral part of its deployment. Informed consents play a fundamental role in the achievement of the above, however, they often turn out to be standardized protocols that fail to protect or inform the participating subjects, given their technical language and the little reflection on the social relationship they establish, with the result that Informed Consent ends up being installed in the distance between the researcher and the research participant. This is why it is necessary to stop and consider what is understood by ethics, in order to make the interview a fair institution that is built on the recognition of the other as part of the research exercise. Thus, ethics in qualitative social research must be recognized as both situated and, therefore, as reflexive and non-standardized. Thus, we conclude by arguing that in qualitative social research, understanding and ethics are imbricated in a single exercise.