Pedro Augusto Muylaert Reis Pessanha, Milton Erthal Junior, Carlos Leonardo Ramos Póvoa
La industria láctea en Brasil tiene una estructura de mercado similar al oligopsonio, caracterizada por la existencia de pocos compradores de un bien producido por muchos vendedores. La naturaleza perecedera de la leche fresca reduce aún más el poder de negociación de los vendedores, cuyos beneficios operativos se ven presionados por importantes fluctuaciones de precios. Considerando la existencia de economías de escala en los costos de producción lechera, los pequeños y medianos productores tienen menores márgenes de ganancia y, en consecuencia, son los más vulnerables en esta estructura de mercado. La elaboración de queso es una técnica ampliamente conocida por la comunidad rural y capaz de agregar valor a la producción de leche, lo que la sugiere como una alternativa más prometedora al negocio. Para verificar esta hipótesis, este estudio investiga los retornos económicos involucrados entre dos posibles destinos de la leche cruda. El objetivo de la investigación es apoyar la toma de decisiones de inversión por parte de los pequeños y medianos productores de leche. La metodología de trabajo se segmentó en cuatro etapas: recolección de datos regionales; proyección de flujo de caja operativo; cálculo de indicadores financieros y económicos; y aplicación del método del Proceso Analítico de Jerarquía para seleccionar el proyecto de inversión. Se descubrió que la producción de queso proporcionaría beneficios económicos a los ganaderos medianos y pérdidas económicas a los pequeños productores. Se concluyó que la producción de leche se consolidaría como la mejor alternativa de inversión para ambos.
The dairy industry in Brazil has a market structure similar to oligopsony, characterized by the existence of few buyers of a good produced by many sellers. The perishable character of fresh milk further reduces the bargaining power of sellers, whose operating profit is pressured by significant price fluctuations. Considering the existence of economies of scale in the production costs of dairy farming, small and medium producers have lower profit margins and, consequently, are the most vulnerable in this market structure. Cheese making is a technique widely known by the rural community and capable of adding value to milk production, suggesting that it is a more promising alternative to the business. In order to verify this hypothesis, the present study investigates the economic returns involved between two possible destinations of raw milk. The objective of the research is to support investment decision-making by small and medium-sized milk producers. The work methodology was segmented into four stages: regional data collection; operating cash flow projection; calculation of financial and economic indicators; and application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process method for selecting the investment project. It was found that cheese production would provide economic return to medium-sized cattle ranchers and economic loss to small producers. It was concluded that milk production would be the best investment alternative for both.
A indústria de laticínios no Brasil possui uma estrutura de mercado semelhante ao oligopsônio, caracterizado pela existência de poucos compradores de um bem produzido por muitos vendedores. O caráter perecível do leite in natura reduz ainda mais o poder de negociação dos vendedores, cujo lucro operacional é pressionado pelas significativas oscilações de preço. Considerando a existência da economia de escala nos custos de produção da pecuária de leite, os pequenos e médios produtores possuem menores margens de lucro e, consequentemente, são os mais vulneráveis nessa estrutura de mercado. A fabricação de queijo é uma técnica amplamente conhecida pela comunidade rural e capaz de agregar valor à produção de leite, sugerindo ser uma alternativa mais promissora ao negócio. A fim de verificar tal hipótese é realizada pelo presente estudo a investigação dos rendimentos econômicos envolvidos entre duas possíveis destinações do leite cru. O objetivo da pesquisa é apoiar a tomada de decisão de investimento pelo pequeno e médio produtor de leite. A metodologia do trabalho foi segmentada em quatro etapas: coleta de dados regionais; projeção do fluxo de caixa operacional; cálculo dos indicadores financeiros e econômicos; e aplicação do método Analytic Hierarchy Process para seleção do projeto de investimento. Constatou-se que a produção de queijo proporcionaria retorno econômico aos médios pecuaristas e prejuízo econômico aos pequenos produtores. Concluiu-se que a produção de leite se estabeleceria como a melhor alternativa de investimento para ambos.
Abstract: The dairy industry in Brazil has a market structure similar to oligopsony, characterized by the existence of few buyers of a good produced by many sellers. The perishable character of fresh milk further reduces the bargaining power of sellers, whose operating profit is pressured by significant price fluctuations. Considering the existence of economies of scale in the production costs of dairy farming, small and medium producers have lower profit margins and, consequently, are the most vulnerable in this market structure. Cheese making is a technique widely known by the rural community and capable of adding value to milk production, suggesting that it is a more promising alternative to the business. In order to verify this hypothesis, the present study investigates the economic returns involved between two possible destinations of raw milk. The objective of the research is to support investment decision-making by small and medium-sized milk producers. The work methodology was segmented into four stages: regional data collection; operating cash flow projection; calculation of financial and economic indicators; and application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process method for selecting the investment project. It was found that cheese production would provide economic return to medium-sized cattle ranchers and economic loss to small producers. It was concluded that milk production would be the best investment alternative for both.
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