Estudio del papel de PKC[alfa] y PKC[zeta] en el daño tubular provocado por isquemia/reperfusión renal: identificación de nuevos marcadores pronósticos
- Autores: María García Martos
- Directores de la Tesis: Laura García Bermejo (dir. tes.)
- Lectura: En la Universidad de Alcalá ( España ) en 2007
- Idioma: español
- Tribunal Calificador de la Tesis: María Julia Araceli Buján Varela (presid.), Augusto García Villanueva (secret.), Francisco Javier de Lucio Cazaña (voc.), María Eugenia Reguero Callejas (voc.), Santiago Coca Menchero (voc.)
- Materias:
- Enlaces
- Tesis en acceso abierto en: e_Buah
- Resumen
- español
El riñón es un órgano fundamental para las funciones que permiten la vida. Una de las principales causas del deterioro de su función es la isquemia renal y posterior repercusión, que da lugar a un cuadro clínico conocido como fracaso renal agudo (FRA) y cuya expresión morfológica más conocida es la necrosis tubular aguda (NTA). Durante los procesos de isquemia/reperfusión renal (I/R), la porción de la neurona más afectada es el túbulo contorneado proximal sucediendo cambios tanto en la morfología como en la función del epitelio que lo recubre. Dichos cambios incluyen contracción celular, pérdida de impermeabilidad por rotura de uniones intercelulares, desprendimiento celular de la membrana basal y formación de cilindros granulares que obstruyen las vías colectoras.
Mediante el uso de modelos in vivo, de muestras humanas con cambios de etiología isquémica y el desarrollo de un modelo in vitro de hipoxia/reoxigenación (H/R), utilizando células epiteliales proximales humanas HK-2, hemos estudiado el papel de PKCa y PCKx en el daño tubular provocado por I/R renal. PKCa se trasloca a tiempos tempranos de reoxigenación, activación y traslocación que viene mediada por un aumento intracitoplásmico del calcio y la activación de la ruta de señalización ERK1/2, entre otros. La activación de PKCa provoca una disminución de la superficie celular en términos de contracción celular y la pérdida de impermeabilidad de la monocapa epitelial por redistribución de ZO-1. Tanto la traslocación de PKCa como las alteraciones en la distribución de componentes de uniones intercelulares se han demostrado y correlacionado por primera vez con daño isquémico en biopsias renales humanas. PKCx se trastoca en reoxigenación más tardíamente que PKCa y esta traslocación viene mediada por el aumento de las especies reactivas de oxígeno y conlleva el colapsamiento de vimentina y tubulina y la despolimerización de actina. Estas alteraciones en componentes de citoesqueleto van a contribuir a la pérdida de impermeabilidad epitelial y a los cambios morfológicos producidos por PKCa. Tanto la traslocación de PKCx como las alteraciones en componentes de citoesqueleto se han demostrado y correlacionado por primera vez con daño isquémico en biopsias renales humanas en este trabajo.
Conclusión.
Los resultados mostrados en este trabajo sugieren que PKCa y PKCx podrían identificarse como marcadores pronósticos de daño tubular tras I/R y podrían servir como dianas para el establecimiento de estrategias terapéuticas más eficaces en el daño renal de etiología isquémica.
- English
Background: Renal ischemia induces a broad range of cell responses including loss of adhesion and cell death, depending on the cell type and the duration of the ischemic period. Sublethal renal I/R provokes primarily proximal tubular epithelial cell shedding. Using animal models of I/R, loss of epithelial polarity, actin cytoskeleton dynamics alterations and disruption of intercellular junctions have been reported in the proximal tubule. For an appropriate study of the epithelial cell response to I/R, it is important to use in vitro systems which closely reproduce the in vivo experimental conditions and effects as the one we have established. In the present work, we have used the human proximal tubule epithelial cell line HK2. The morphology and the correct function of proximal tubular epithelial cells are determined by the structured cytoskeleton, the organized intercellular unions as well as the firm focal contacts with the ECM, where collagen IV is the major component. This anchorage is mediated by the Focal Adhesion Complexes (FAC). Epithelial cellcell adhesion is established through different structures: tight junctions (TJ), adherens junctions (AJ) and desmosomes. The ATP and oxygen alterations subsequent to I/R can lead to oxidative stress generation. Indeed, several authors have documented the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in animal models of I/R and in chemical hypoxia/ATP depletion in vitro models. Additionally, the administration of antioxidants showed beneficial effects on both in vivo and in vitro systems. Calcium is a crucial second messenger capable to activate several intracellular signalling pathways, including PKC signalling. Oxygen deprivation causes an increase in the cytoplasm levels of Ca2+, which leads to damage in many cells. PKC is a family of proteins which play a key role in the intracellular signalling. It has been divided in three subfamilies: classical PKCs including PKCα; novel PKCs; atypical PKCs including PKCζ. All of them have a catalytic domain which mediate serine-treonine phosphorylation of theirs effectors and a regulatory domain which is activated by DAG and Ca2+ for classical PKCs and DAG for novels PKCs. Atypical PKCs do not respond to any of these stimuli. All PKCs isoforms when activated traslocate to different cell compartments, being the plasma membrane the most common site of traslocation. Regarding to the I/R tubular damage, it has been reported that both isoforms traslocate to the membrane and contribute to this injury, even though their role remains still poorly understood.
Objectives: The main objective of this work is to determine the role of the PKCα and PKCζ isoforms in the mechanisms mediating the tubular damage caused by I/R, using an in vitro model of H/R in HK2 cells. To asses this, we have studied the activity and the regulation of both isoforms during H/R and the effects of PKCα and PKCζ activity in intercellular adhesion and cytoskeleton organization, using specific inhibitors. Additionally, we have determined the localization of both isoforms in human specimens showing acute tubular necrosis (ATN).
Methodology: To achieve these objectives we have determined, in vitro, the expression of PKC isoforms by western blot; their traslocation by immunofluorescence and subcelullar fractionation and western blot; the calcium and ROS levels by flow cytometry; the distribution of intercellular adhesion molecules as well as the organization of cytoskeleton components by nmmunofluorescence;
the epithelial monolayer integrity by colorimetry; in human samples, the localization of all the proteins was studied by immunohistochemistry.
Conclusions:
1. Several PKC isoforms are expressed in HK2, mainly PKCα and PKCζ, no exhibiting changes in expression during H/R.
2. PKCα is transiently activated during reoxygenation due to Ca2+ increase and ERK1/2 activation and leads to cell contraction, TJ disruption and epithelial monolayer integrity disturbance. In human samples, PKCα localized in the plasma membrane of damaged tubular cells.
3. PKCζ is also transiently activated during reoxygenation due to ROS generation and causes cytoskeleton components disorganization. In human samples, PKCζ localization in the membrane correlates with injured cells.
4. Our results strongly suggest that PKCα and PKCζ could be identified as prognostic markers of tubular damage after ischemia and could be considered as targets for new and more efficient FRA therapies in future.
- español
