Resumen de Role of hdac11 in muscle cell differentiation and regeneration. Paper de hdac11 en la diferenciació i regeneració musculars
HDAC11 is the newest member of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) family and one of the less studied. Its expression was described to be enriched in skeletal muscle tissues from the first moment of its discovery, yet now after 15 years, its roles in myogenesis remain unknown. We started this thesis by analyzing the expression changes of all HDAC’s’ members between proliferation and early differentiation conditions, which constitutes a crucial cell fate point in which cells have to decide whether to continue proliferating or enter to irreversible G0 arrest state to differentiate. With this analysis, we found HDAC11 as the HDAC family member the most upregulated in the skeletal muscle differentiation process. By CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in tagging of endogenous HDAC11, we show that HDAC11 protein levels are absent in proliferating cells and increased through differentiation. The silencing of HDAC11 in proliferation conditions is mediated, at least in part, by class I HDAC’s deacetylation of MYOD. In differentiation conditions, acetylated MYOD and myogenin, the two master regulators of muscle differentiation, bind to HDAC11 promoter regions and trigger its expression.
HDAC11 deficient myoblasts did not present major alterations in cell proliferation or differentiation capacities but show reduced fusion ability. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of differentiating HDAC11 deficient myoblasts revealed an upregulation of genes involved in proliferation and a decreased expression of genes involved in muscle contraction, suggesting a delayed entry in G0 irreversible arrest state. Our ChIP results suggest that HDAC11 would mediate repression of proliferation related genes by deacetylation of H3 marks in their promoter regions. Moreover, HDAC11 expression is also upregulated in additional G0 states, like in reversible arrested quiescent satellite cells compared to early activated ones.
In skeletal muscle tissues, HDAC11 is higher expressed in fast muscles than slow ones, especially in males. The analysis of HDAC11 deficient mice concludes that HDAC11 absence do not cause major alterations in muscle development, adult myofiber growth or fiber type composition in basal conditions. In regeneration conditions, HDAC11 deficient mice show advanced regeneration capacity at 7 days post injury, probably mediated at least in part, by an increased expression of Il-10 by HDAC11 deficient macrophages.
Finally, we show that HDAC11 upregulation through differentiation is conserved in human myoblast differentiation and its expression is reduced in rhabdomyosarcoma cells, which present impaired differentiation capabilities. Altogether, our results place HDAC11 as a new epigenetic regulator in in vitro an in vivo myogenesis.
