Resumen de Amortiguación de final de carrera de actuadores hidráulicos
The internal cushioning systems of hydraulic linear actuators, of special interest in mobile machinery, pursue to avoid mechanical shocks at their end of stroke. The design where the piston, with perimeter grooves, regulates the flow by standing in front of the outlet port has not been studied in depth until now. Consequently, the operating fundamentals, influencing factors and optimization of these cushioning designs have been investigated.
First, a dynamic model has been developed using the bond graph technique that integrates the mechanical equations of the actuator, the hydraulic circuit and the flow through the studied internal cushion design. This considers the evolution of internal flow during cushioning, characterized in detail by fluid-dynamic simulation. This CFD model has been validated experimentally for its refinement and well-founded determination of discharge coefficients. Subsequently, the complete dynamics of the actuator and, in particular, the radial movement of the piston are experimentally studied by means of the difficult installation of a sophisticated displacement sensor. Finally, the experimental observations and the fluid-dynamic coefficients are integrated into the dynamic model; ultimately, the model aims to predict the experimental behavior of the cushioning during the movement of the arm of an excavator.
The radial movement of the observed piston turns it into an active and adjusting element that is essential in cushioning. This radial movement in coherence with the significant drag force estimated in the CFD simulation, generated by the flow through the grooves, where the laminar flow regime predominates. Analytical models are suitable for predicting the behavior of the cushioning system, observing results comparable to those experimentally obtained . There is an optimal behavior, highly influenced by the mechanical stress conditions of the system, subject to a compromise between an increasing section of the grooves and an optimization of the radial gap.
In addition, given the difficult direct measurement of the radial movement of the piston, an indirect measurement method has been evaluated using low-cost accelerometers. Thus, a bond graph simulation model predicts the results of the double integration of acceleration, observed experimentally. Influenced by the diverse nature of the existing movements, the severe propagation of measurement errors makes indirect measurement of piston radial motion inadequate.
