Resumen de Evaluación del desempeño del sistema de riego: un análisis global y local en costa rica

Juan Gabriel Benavides Valverde

• 1. introducción o motivación de la tesis La demanda creciente de productos agrícolas a nivel mundial centra su atención en el rendimiento de los cultivos, entendido como el peso de los productos agrícolas por unidad de área cosechada por unidad de tiempo. El incremento en la producción de cultivos está determinado principalmente por el aumento de los rendimientos actuales de los cultivos, hasta acercarse al potencial de rendimiento, que, a su vez, se espera que continúe aumentando con la mejora del fitomejoramiento y la agronomía, como ha ocurrido hasta ahora, particularmente desde la Revolución Verde de la década de 1960. La brecha de rendimiento se refiere a la diferencia entre el rendimiento potencial de un cultivo y el rendimiento actual de los agricultores en una escala de interés espacial y temporal especificada. La brecha de rendimiento agrícola es un índice de rendimiento utilizado para evaluar el rendimiento agrícola en diferentes escalas, ya sea en la parcela, distrito de riego, cuenca o región. Para mejorar el uso del agua en la agricultura, la evaluación del desempeño del riego es fundamental. Entre los indicadores para evaluar el desempeño de los sistemas de riego, está el suministro relativo de riego (RIS), que se determina como la relación entre el agua de riego consumida por los cultivos y el agua desviada de la fuente de suministro.

  2.contenido de la investigación Esta tesis doctoral presenta un análisis global del desempeño de los distritos de riego mediante la evaluación de los atributos clave que influyen en el RIS. Además, se analizó y caracterizó el desempeño de un esquema de riego tropical en Costa Rica durante un período de cinco años, de 2014 a 2018 a través de los indicadores RIS y la brecha de rendimiento. El primer análisis se basó en una revisión de informes y artículos científicos que recopilaron 264 casos de 25 países en seis regiones del mundo. La base de datos se sometió a dos tipos de análisis estadístico: un análisis de conglomerados de k-medias y un análisis de covarianza (ANCOVA).

  3.conclusión El ANCOVA mostró que los sistemas modernos de riego presurizado en la finca y los sistemas de distribución a demanda mejoran significativamente el RIS. El ANCOVA reveló que el RIS covaría significativamente con la variación en la precipitación, el cronograma de entrega, los sistemas de riego en la finca, la red de distribución y la región, pero no con el cultivo.

  El segundo análisis del esquema de riego tropical, mostró que el RIS osciló entre 2.48 y 3.78, valores muy superiores a los observados en esquemas de áreas templadas, pero que se encuentran en el rango más bajo de los valores de RIS documentados en otros esquemas de trópicos en el análisis global realizado aquí. Los rendimientos actuales se determinaron a través de encuestas semiestructuradas con los agricultores del esquema, quienes también brindaron información sobre otros temas de gestión del riego. Las brechas de rendimiento de los principales cultivos (arroz, caña de azúcar y forrajes) oscilaron entre 26-43%, 64-69% y 30-40%, respectivamente. La encuesta reveló que en este esquema los usuarios muestran un alto grado de satisfacción con el servicio, en cuanto al suministro de agua de riego y su costo, existen amplias oportunidades para mejorar el desempeño del esquema de riego y cerrar las brechas de rendimiento (ej. cronograma de abastecimiento de agua para evitar cortes en la cola de los canales y mejorar la red de drenaje).

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