Diseño del espacio urbano: métodos de ingeniería aplicados al ambiente sonoro
- Autores: Pedro Atanasio Moraga
- Directores de la Tesis: Juan Miguel Barrigón Morillas (dir. tes.), Guillermo Rey Gozalo (codir. tes.)
- Lectura: En la Universidad de Extremadura ( España ) en 2022
- Idioma: español
- Tribunal Calificador de la Tesis: Rosendo Vílchez Gómez (presid.), Rubén Maderuelo Sanz (secret.), Javier Redondo Pastor (voc.)
- Programa de doctorado: Programa de Doctorado en Desarrollo Territorial Sostenible por la Universidad de Extremadura
- Materias:
- Enlaces
- Resumen
El trabajo que aquí se presenta incide sobre el ambiente sonoro urbano y de los espacios verdes, y sobre características muy específicas de este ambiente como es el paisaje sonoro, un aspecto muy poco estudiado en España, pero al que se le ha dedicado mucho esfuerzo fuera de nuestras fronteras. En la Directiva 2002/49/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 25 de Junio de 2002 sobre evaluación y gestión del ruido ambiental se hace referencia a la importancia de conservar las zonas tranquilas tanto en aglomeraciones, donde el espacio delimitado por la autoridad competente no puede superar un determinado nivel sonoro, como en campo abierto, definido como espacio delimitado por las autoridades no perturbado por ruido del tráfico, la industria o actividades recreativas.
La mayoría de estudios de acústica ambiental se han centrado en la evaluación objetiva del ruido, el cual es considerado por la OMS como la segunda causa de contaminación ambiental, sólo por detrás de la polución del aire. El constante crecimiento del parque automovilístico se ha traducido en un incremento de los niveles sonoros, convirtiéndose en una tarea pendiente para los planificadores de espacios verdes y urbanos. Esta investigación pretende iniciar los trabajos que puedan llenar este vacío y así proveer a los encargados de la planificación urbana general y, de forma específica, de aquellas áreas tranquilas recogidas en la Directiva Europea, de las herramientas necesarias para iniciar ese camino en aspectos relativos a la gestión del ambiente acústico y a su relación con el resto de aspectos a considerar en la administración de estos espacios. Se han teniendo presente aspectos objetivos, obtenidos mediante instrumentos de medición y grabación, y aspectos subjetivos, obtenidos de las experiencias particulares de cada uno de los usuarios de los contextos elegidos, ayudando de esta manera al diseño de espacios urbanos de manera eficaz y sostenible.
Para llevar a cabo este propósito, esta Tesis se ha estructurado en tres capítulos. En el primero de ellos se analizó la percepción del paisaje sonoro urbano en tres entornos con diferentes usos, una plaza peatonal con un claro carácter social, una calle peatonal comercial y una calle con tráfico rodado también comercial, de dos maneras diferentes: una con los sonidos presentes de manera normal en el entorno, y otra introduciendo sonidos, principalmente grabados en entornos naturales y rurales, con el fin de cambiar la percepción global de la gente sin cambiar sus costumbres ni modificar los niveles sonoros de los entornos. El análisis muestra una mejora en las valoraciones medias que los usuarios aportan a las diferentes características en los es peatonales, mejorando también la satisfacción global y la satisfacción con los sonidos de los dos espacios. Los descriptores del paisaje sonoro también se interpretan como positivos en este tipo de entornos, resultando estos más agradables, entretenidos y naturales. Sin embargo, no sucede igual en el entorno con tráfico rodado, en el que introducir sonidos, aunque sean naturales, parece aumentar los efectos provocados por el ruido y evaluar los descriptores del paisaje sonoro como negativos.
En el segundo capítulo se analizó la percepción de los descriptores del paisaje sonoro urbano que tienen los habitantes de Cáceres. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de diferencias semánticas, compuesto por 8 adjetivos contrapuestos que describen el paisaje sonoro, en 26 calles de la ciudad. Se han analizado las relaciones de las valoraciones otorgadas por las personas entrevistadas a las parejas de adjetivos, con el uso y el tipo de calles. El resultado muestra que la percepción tiende hacia la parte positiva de los adjetivos contrapuestos conforme aumenta el tipo de categoría, según el Método de Categorización desarrollado por el Laboratorio de Acústica de la Universidad de Extremadura, y conforme el uso de las calles disminuye. En este capítulo también se han comparado las parejas de adjetivos que describen el paisaje sonoro con indicadores sonoros habituales. El análisis muestra correlación entre las parejas que indican agradabilidad con el indicador sonoro LA50. Por último, se ha desarrollado un Análisis de Componentes Principales, un tipo de análisis muy recurrente en los estudios de diferencias semánticas, para determinar las dimensiones que describen el paisaje sonoro de la ciudad.
En el tercer capítulo se ha evaluado la percepción de siete espacios verdes urbanos de la ciudad de Cáceres. Así, se ha analizado cómo afectan los sonidos a la satisfacción global de este tipo de entornos. En este trabajo se ha incidido en la satisfacción al sonido y en las molestias y efectos causados por el ruido, relacionándolos con las fuentes sonoras y las actividades realizadas en este tipo de entorno. Los resultados indican que los usuarios valoran muy positivamente las características de este tipo de entonos, excepto para las variables relacionadas con la contaminación ambiental: aire y ruido. Además, la molestia de las fuentes sonoras es baja, siendo el tráfico rodado la más molesta. El uso de este tipo de espacios va a mostrar diferencias de género, e incluso diferencias notables en las valoraciones otorgadas a actividades parecidas, como son caminar o hacer ejercicio.
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