Caracterización de microplásticos en aguas naturales y residuales, y su influencia y separación en procesos biológicos de depuración
- Autores: Clara Bretas Alvim
- Directores de la Tesis: José Antonio Mendoza Roca (dir. tes.), Amparo Bes Piá (dir. tes.)
- Lectura: En la Universitat Politècnica de València ( España ) en 2022
- Idioma: español
- Tribunal Calificador de la Tesis: José Antonio Casas de Pedro (presid.), Silvia Álvarez Blanco (secret.), Agostina Chiavola (voc.)
- Programa de doctorado: Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería y Producción Industrial por la Universitat Politècnica de València
- Materias:
- Enlaces
- Tesis en acceso abierto en: RiuNet
- Resumen
Microplastics (MPs) are particles of plastic material smaller than 5 mm that are being identified in water, soil, and air. The presence of these emerging contaminants in the environment is currently a global concern since their concentration and composition are unknown exactly due to the lack of standardized quantification and identification protocols in the different media where they are found. Likewise, the extent of the negative effects that they could cause in the environment is unknown. This thesis studies the presence of microplastics in different streams of wastewater and natural water, as well as in sewage sludge generated in wastewater treatment plants.
The main objective of the thesis is to evaluate different protocols for the extraction of microplastics contained in samples with different characteristics, as well as their quantification and identification. For this, methodologies were proposed for the extraction of microplastics in matrices with a high organic load (mixed liquor, anaerobically digested sludge, and dehydrated sludge) and also in wastewater, as well as in treated (potable) and untreated natural waters. Likewise, the possible effects of the presence of microplastics in a depuration process using an activated sludge biological reactor were evaluated and the distribution of these microparticles in the sludge and in the final effluent. In addition, the possible fragmentation of microplastics into nanoplastics (NPs) in a wastewater treatment system was also considered and, therefore, the possible effects of nanoplastics on the biomass of activated sludge were also evaluated.
It was observed that the higher the concentration of organic load in a sample, the more difficult the process of both sample purification and microplastic identification. Therefore, for the sludge samples, it was necessary to apply more complex microplastic extraction protocols. Peroxidation proved to be an effective treatment for all the samples studied, resulting in the reduction of organic matter and the improvement of visual identification.
In the tests with the biological reactor, a significant accumulation of microplastics was observed in the mixed liquor (activated sludge) compared to the effluent. This accumulation of microplastics in the sludge can lead to the contamination of agricultural soils when they are applied as fertilizers. To mitigate the contamination of agricultural soils by microplastics present in sludge, the use of the ultrasound technique was proposed for the extraction of these microparticles present in the mixed liquor. Through this technique, significant amounts of microplastics were separated from the organic matrix of the sludge, which is what is applied to the field.
Finally, the presence of microfibers in natural and drinking water was studied using the Nile Red staining technique to investigate the feasibility and limitations of this method. It was observed that the fluorescence emission by virgin microfibers and microfibers separated from these water samples can show different fluorescence behaviors which could be related to the degree of degradation of the microfiber materials.
