Resumen de Modelling and analysis of conversion efficiency in flow-through catalysts for lean-burn combustion engines
The global concern on climate change and air quality is reflected over increasingly strict emission regulations in the transportation sector, making the development of sustainable propulsion systems the key objective. In the case of internal combustion engines, the use of aftertreatment systems (ATS), necessary to comply with the limits imposed on pollutant emissions, has added further complexity to the exhaust line. A correct comprehension of the response of these systems and their interaction with the engine requires an in-depth knowledge of the thermo-fluid-dynamic and chemical processes taking place inside them. Their study indicates that the major contributions to emission reduction rely on driving the catalysts to a faster light-off. However, in general, the strategies employed to achieve this goal involve a fuel consumption penalty and, consequently, CO2 emissions increase.
In this context, the aim of this Ph.D. thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the phenomena present in flow-through catalysts used in lean burn combustion engines. First, the development of a computational tool for modelling the standard devices, i.e. mono-layers washcoat catalysts, is presented, with flexible and low computational cost, enabling timely response to the new boundary conditions. The model was built inside the Virtual Engine Model VEMOD, an open-source gas dynamics software developed by I.U.I. CMT-Motores Térmicos for thermo-fluid-dynamic simulation of internal combustion engines and their components. Supported by specific experiments for its calibration and validation on oxidation and NOx reduction catalysts, the computational tool allows the identification and study of the parameters that determine the conversion efficiency of the ATS. In the first instance it is used to analyze the impact of meso-geometry and oxidation catalyst material under dynamic conditions as a function of the channel shape. The study of the sensitivity to exhaust gas composition is also addressed considering various combustion strategies compared to conventional diesel, as well as the use of alternative fuels. Finally, the importance of the position in the exhaust line of an oxidation catalyst is explored experimentally to discuss the effect on emissions and engine performance of the pre-turbine location, because of the thermal benefits of this location for the aftertreatment. All of this serves as a source of technological and scientific developments in the area of emissions control for the use and comprehension of the new generation of aftertreatment systems.
