Resumen de Contribució a l'estudi de les aranyes de mar (Pycnogonida): biogeografia de les espècies antàrtiques i biologia alimentària de les espècies mediterrànies
Pycnogonida (Latreille 1810) or sea spiders are one of the most intriguing groups of marine arthropods; they are bizarre, fascinating and very primitive animals of highly controversial affinities. They are found worldwide, and more than 1300 species and 80 genera are described to date. This report summarizes the studies carried out to provide a better insight of the biogeography, bathymetric distribution and the feeding biology of this group. Antarctic waters are characterized by the high levels of species richness and endemism, and Antarctic sea spiders are excellent representatives of this highly diversification. To date 264 austral species have been recorded, accounting for 19.6% of the species recorded worldwide; 107 of them are endemic to Antarctic waters, while 63 are common in the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic regions. The richest genus is Nymphon, with 67 species. The benthic insular refuge hypothesis is proposed as an explanation for the southern distribution of the present pycnogonid fauna, with an origin in the Scotia Arc. This hypothesis together with the migration from the Magellan zone would explain the extremely high species richness of the Scotia Sea. Results conclude that nearly the 30% of the species present a circumpolar distribution; a tendency toward circumpolarity of species and subsequent decrease of zonal endemicity is noticed, probably due to the increasing expeditions with more sampling. Basic information regarding bathymetric distribution patterns, diversity of species, and community composition is scarce in this group. The geographical distribution remarks on the species in the present study contribute to the better understanding of Antarctic pycnogonid distributions. Pallenopsis kupei is new for Antarctic waters, and six species have not been found previously in the Weddell Sea. Bathymetric patterns of distribution are analyzed in the Weddell Sea showing a difference in the composition between the continental shelf (from 100 to 900 m depth) and the slope (below 900 m). Most of the species are confined to the continental shelf boundaries, whereas the deep sea is dominated by the genus Nymphon. Thus, depth seems to be an influential factor in the structure of pycnogonid assemblages. These findings support the hypothesis that these taxa have evolved and radiated on the shelf and later submerged in the deep sea. The central Bransfield Stratit Basin is dominated by series of isolated volcanoes and associated ridges. Here, the fauna from volcanic structures is analyzed to deduce whether the volcanoes were active or inactive during the sampling period. The most abundant families are Nymphonidae and Colossendeidae, though biomass is much greater for the Colossendeidae. This indicates that colossendeids are probably employing the K-strategy instead of the r-strategy, which is typical for smaller pycnogonids such as nymphonids. The volcanic structures sampled were inactive during 1996, since none of the specimens showed signs of hydrothermal phenomena. This collection is typically representative of the west Antarctic benthic zone. Nymphon australe Hodgson 1902 is the most abundant species of sea spiders in the Southern Ocean. The species is recognized as highly morphologically variable, circumpolar and eurybathic. In this study, we investigate the genetic structure of N. australe populations around Antarctica by using mitochondrial DNA data. Results support the circumpolarity supposed for N. australe, without indication of cryptic speciation. However, the Antarctic Peninsula, the Weddell Sea and the East Antarctica populations of N. australe are effectively isolated, indicating that gene flow is limited. Furthermore, there is some genetic structure among populations within zones. We conclude that N. australe has successfully colonized large parts of the Antarctic marine ecosystem, despite its limited dispersal abilities. The digestive system of sea spiders (Pycnogonida) presents peculiarities that have not been discussed in the context of their ecology or feeding behavior. The digestive system of two Mediterranean species, Ammothella longipes (Hodge 1864) and Endeis spinosa (Montagu 1808), is investigated and the ongoing digestive process observed. Major differences are observed in the proboscis, reflecting adaptation to their diet. The structures of mouth and pharyngeal filter as well as musculature of the proboscis are the main differential elements when comparing A. longipes to E. spinosa. Salivary products play an important role in the oral digestion. The digestive process in sea spiders differs from most marine arthropods mainly because of the absence of midgut gland cells and the presence of a unique multifunctional type of midgut epithelial cell. Epithelial cells are present in a small 'resting' form during starvation periods. During digestion, secretory granules are released to the midgut lumen and secondary lysosomes are formed, where digestion occurs. Residual bodies formed within the epithelial cell are released to the midgut lumen to be transported towards the hindgut. Fatty acid analysis has been largely proven to be helpful in determining seasonal trophic links and the feeding behavior in organisms in which diet cannot be inferred from stomach content analyses. Seasonal variations in total fatty acid content (TFA) and fatty acid composition of Ammothella longipes are analyzed to establish its trophic links. The results of this study reveal that A. longipes may change its feeding behavior depending on the season and available food. This pycnogonid species appears as a carnivore during spring and early summer, but it seems to feed on detritus when availability of prey diminishes during winter. Notable high amounts of odd-chain fatty acids are found in summer-autumn for this species, which may come from bacteria acquired from the detritical diet or from de novo biosynthesis from propionate. TFA content of A. longipes did not present seasonal variations. This is in accordance to its reproductive activity, which occurs throughout the year except from May to July, period in which they adopt a carnivory diet.
