Direct and Indirect Aggression During Childhood and Adolescence: A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender Differences, Intercorrelations, and Relations to Maladjustment

Card, Noel A. ^[1] ; Stucky, Brian D. ^[2] ; Sawalani, Gita M. ^[3] ; Little, Todd D. ^[3]
1. [1] University of Arizona
  
  University of Arizona
  
  Estados Unidos
2. [2] University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
  
  University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
  
  Township of Chapel Hill, Estados Unidos
3. [3] University of Kansas
  
  University of Kansas
  
  City of Lawrence, Estados Unidos
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Localización: Child development, ISSN 0009-3920, Vol. 79, Nº. 5, 2008, págs. 1185-1229
Idioma: inglés
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Resumen
- This meta-analytic review of 148 studies on child and adolescent direct and indirect aggression examined the magnitude of gender differences, intercorrelations between forms, and associations with maladjustment. Results confirmed prior findings of gender differences (favoring boys) in direct aggression and trivial gender differences in indirect aggression. Results also indicated a substantial intercorrelation (= .76) between these forms. Despite this high intercorrelation, the 2 forms showed unique associations with maladjustment: Direct aggression is more strongly related to externalizing problems, poor peer relations, and low prosocial behavior, and indirect aggression is related to internalizing problems and higher prosocial behavior. Moderation of these effect sizes by method of assessment, age, gender, and several additional variables were systematically investigated.