Esta tesis doctoral investiga la presencia del color en los sueños de personas con y sin discapacidad visual, así como las creencias al respecto entre ambos grupos. Para ello, se realizan dos estudios diferentes. El primero pretende conocer y revelar las creencias u opiniones de los niños, adolescentes y adultos sin discapacidad visual sobre si las personas con discapacidad visual sueñan a color, y qué colores son los que más aparecen en sus sueños, así como en los suyos propios, además de observar si la franja de edad afecta en esas creencias u opiniones. El segundo estudio se centra en investigar si la persona con y sin discapacidad visual cree visualizar el color en sus sueños agradables y desagradables, averiguar si ese color aparece de forma general o puntual en la escena, presentar una lista de los colores que más aparecen, y observar si existen diferencias significativas entre los grupos de participantes.
La metodología empleada para este estudio fue la triangulación metodológica, y se combinó simultáneamente la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. Se diseñaron dos cuestionarios (uno para cada estudio). La muestra del primer estudio constó de 462 personas sin discapacidad visual (131 niños, 133 adolescentes y 198 adultos). Y la muestra del segundo estudio fue de 58 personas adultas con y sin discapacidad visual (29 personas sin discapacidad visual y 29 personas con discapacidad visual, más concretamente personas con ceguera adquirida y deficiencia visual o baja visión.
Las principales conclusiones de cada estudio son: Estudio 1: Creencias de las personas sin discapacidad visual - Los niños y adolescentes sí creen que las personas con discapacidad visual (ceguera congénita, ceguera adquirida y deficiencia visual o baja visión) sueñan a color; seleccionan el negro, blanco y gris como los colores más predominantes en los sueños de estas personas. Los adultos manifiestan tener dudas; aquellos que sí creen que sueñan a color escogen, también, el negro, blanco y gris. En cuanto a soñar a color, se observan diferencias significativas, principalmente, entre el grupo de adultos con el de niños y adolescentes. Los resultados apuntan a que la edad puede afectar a estas creencias.
- En relación a sus sueños, los tres grupos aseguran soñar a color; no se observan diferencias significativas entre los grupos de participantes. Los niños seleccionan los azules, verdes y amarillos como los colores que más aparecen en sus sueños; los adolescentes los azules, negros y verdes; y los adultos manifiestan no saberlo.
Estudio 2: Experiencias oníricas descritas por personas con y sin discapacidad visual: - Las personas con discapacidad visual creen visualizar el color en sus sueños agradables, pero no lo saben para sus sueños desagradables; en ambos sueños el color aparece de forma general. Las personas sin discapacidad visual creen visualizar el color en ambos sueños; el color aparece de forma general en la escena. En ambas afirmaciones, no se observa ninguna diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Con esto se podría deducir que el tipo de discapacidad visual no afecta en la visualización del color en los sueños, pero sí afecta en el tipo de sueño.
- No se puede presentar una lista de colores dominante en los sueños agradables y desagradables para los sueños de personas con discapacidad visual porque manifiestan no saberlo. Los participantes sin discapacidad visual sí recuerdan los colores en sus sueños agradables, seleccionando como predominantes el azul, verde, blanco y marrón. Por el contrario, para sus sueños desagradables declaran tener dudas al respecto.
- En cuanto al color menos recordado en los sueños agradables y desagradables, los tres grupos de participantes aseguran no saberlo, no pudiendo presentar una lista.
- En los sueños desagradables, el color negro tiene mayor predominancia en todos los grupos de participantes.
This doctoral thesis investigates the presence of color in the dreams of people with and without visual disabilities, as well as the beliefs about it between both groups. For this, two different studies are carried out. The first aims at knowing and revealing the beliefs or opinions of children, adolescents and adults without visual impairment about whether people with visual disabilities dream of color, and which colors appear the most in their dreams, as well as in their own, in addition to observing whether the age group affects those beliefs or opinions. The second study focuses on investigating whether the person with and without visual impairment believes that they see color in their pleasant and unpleasant dreams, finding out if that color appears in a general or specific way in the scene, presenting a list of the colors that appear the most, and observing whether there are significant differences between the groups of participants.
The methodology used for this study was methodological triangulation, and qualitative and quantitative research were simultaneously combined. Two questionnaires were designed (one for each study). The sample of the first study consisted of 462 people without visual impairment (131 children, 133 adolescents and 198 adults). And the sample of the second study consisted of 58 adults with and without visual impairment (29 people without visual impairment and 29 people with visual impairment, more specifically people with acquired blindness and visual impairment or low vision.
The main conclusions of each study are: Study 1: Beliefs of people without visual impairment - Children and adolescents do believe that people with visual impairment (congenital blindness, acquired blindness and visual impairment or low vision) dream in color; they select black, white and gray as the most predominant colors in these people's dreams. Adults report having doubts; those who do believe that they dream in color also choose black, white and gray. Regarding dreaming in color, significant differences are observed, mainly between the group of adults with that of children and adolescents. The results suggest that age can affect these beliefs.
- In relation to their dreams, the three groups claim to dream in color; no significant differences were observed between the groups of participants. Children select blues, greens, and yellows as the colors that appear most in their dreams; the adolescents the blues, blacks and greens; and adults say they don't know.
Study 2: Dream experiences described by people with and without visual impairment: - People with visual impairment believe they visualize color in their pleasant dreams, but do not know it for their unpleasant dreams; in both dreams the color appears in a general way. People without visual impairment believe they see color in both dreams; color appears generally in the scene. In both statements no statistically significant difference is observed. With this it could be deduced that the type of visual impairment does not affect the visualization of color in dreams, but it does affect the type of dream.
- A list of dominant colors in pleasant and unpleasant dreams cannot be presented for the dreams of visually impaired people because they state they do not know it. Non-visually impaired participants do remember the colors in their pleasant dreams, selecting blue, green, white and brown as predominant. On the contrary, for their unpleasant dreams they declare to have doubts about it.
- Regarding the least-remembered colour in pleasant and unpleasant dreams, the three groups of participants claim to not know it, not being able to present a list.
- In unpleasant dreams, black color is more prevalent in all groups of participants.
Abstract This doctoral thesis investigates the presence of color in the dreams of people with and without visual disabilities, as well as the beliefs about it between both groups. For this, two different studies are carried out. The first aims at knowing and revealing the beliefs or opinions of children, adolescents and adults without visual impairment about whether people with visual disabilities dream of color, and which colors appear the most in their dreams, as well as in their own, in addition to observing whether the age group affects those beliefs or opinions. The second study focuses on investigating whether the person with and without visual impairment believes that they see color in their pleasant and unpleasant dreams, finding out if that color appears in a general or specific way in the scene, presenting a list of the colors that appear the most, and observing whether there are significant differences between the groups of participants.
The methodology used for this study was methodological triangulation, and qualitative and quantitative research were simultaneously combined. Two questionnaires were designed (one for each study). The sample of the first study consisted of 462 people without visual impairment (131 children, 133 adolescents and 198 adults). And the sample of the second study consisted of 58 adults with and without visual impairment (29 people without visual impairment and 29 people with visual impairment, more specifically people with acquired blindness and visual impairment or low vision.
The main conclusions of each study are: Study 1: Beliefs of people without visual impairment - Children and adolescents do believe that people with visual impairment (congenital blindness, acquired blindness and visual impairment or low vision) dream in color; they select black, white and gray as the most predominant colors in these people's dreams. Adults report having doubts; those who do believe that they dream in color also choose black, white and gray. Regarding dreaming in color, significant differences are observed, mainly between the group of adults with that of children and adolescents. The results suggest that age can affect these beliefs.
- In relation to their dreams, the three groups claim to dream in color; no significant differences were observed between the groups of participants. Children select blues, greens, and yellows as the colors that appear most in their dreams; the adolescents the blues, blacks and greens; and adults say they don't know.
Study 2: Dream experiences described by people with and without visual impairment: - People with visual impairment believe they visualize color in their pleasant dreams, but do not know it for their unpleasant dreams; in both dreams the color appears in a general way. People without visual impairment believe they see color in both dreams; color appears generally in the scene. In both statements no statistically significant difference is observed. With this it could be deduced that the type of visual impairment does not affect the visualization of color in dreams, but it does affect the type of dream.
- A list of dominant colors in pleasant and unpleasant dreams cannot be presented for the dreams of visually impaired people because they state they do not know it. Non-visually impaired participants do remember the colors in their pleasant dreams, selecting blue, green, white and brown as predominant. On the contrary, for their unpleasant dreams they declare to have doubts about it.
- Regarding the least-remembered colour in pleasant and unpleasant dreams, the three groups of participants claim to not know it, not being able to present a list.
- In unpleasant dreams, black color is more prevalent in all groups of participants.
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