Las pedagogías asentadas en el campo de la enseñanza del inglés como lengua extranjera (EFL) están siendo cuestionadas a la hora de buscar nuevas fórmulas que proporcionen las herramientas lingüísticas que la sociedad actual necesita para desarrollar una mayor competencia multilingüe.
El Aprendizaje Integrado de Contenidos y Lengua (AICLE, CLIL por sus siglas en inglés) se ha extendido como el enfoque educativo más efectivo a la hora de ofrecer dichas herramientas, ya que crea un mejor entorno natural para un uso auténtico de la lengua meta. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado que es necesario atender al lenguaje de un modo explícito y que, para participar en las asignaturas de contenido, los alumnos deben ser competentes en el dominio del discurso académico de cada materia, para lo que necesitan un `andamiaje¿ lingüístico que no siempre está presente.
En paralelo, la asignatura de inglés en Educación Secundaria parece estar desconectada del aula AICLE. A pesar de ser especialistas en la lengua meta, el papel del profesor de inglés en estos centros no ha sido regulada suficientemente. En vista de la necesidad de profundizar en el rol del profesor de inglés, este estudio pretende investigar su redefinición, en particular en lo que respecta a la atención a las necesidades lingüísticas específicas en AICLE. Este objetivo se divide en tres objetivos específicos. En primer lugar, identificar la evolución que los profesores de inglés hayan podido experimentar en sus funciones desde que se implementó AICLE. En segundo lugar, investigar cómo ellos entienden su propio rol en estos centros y el impacto que pueda tener en las prácticas docentes más efectivas en este contexto educativo. En último lugar, se pretende examinar las posibilidades de implementación de un aprendizaje basado en géneros en el aula de EFL como medio para proporcionar el andamiaje necesario para el desarrollo de la competencia lingüística académica.
Para ello, seis profesores de inglés en Educación Secundaria han participado en este estudio de caso múltiple dentro del programa bilingüe de la Comunidad de Madrid y en el que se han usado diferentes fuentes de datos. En primer lugar, se analizó el currículo y las programaciones de los tres centros en los que trabajan los participantes para averiguar si se han establecido nuevas responsabilidades para el profesor de inglés. A continuación, completaron un cuestionario para comprobar si las sugerencias para el profesor de inglés presentes en la literatura ya se están llevando a cabo, así como para tener un acercamiento a algunas de las creencias de los participantes acerca de AICLE. Seguidamente, se realizó una intervención pedagógica en la que los participantes pusieron en práctica el aprendizaje basado en géneros utilizando un género escolar propio de la asignatura de Historia. Finalmente, se entrevistó a los participantes con preguntas que abordaron los tres objetivos específicos, incluyendo la posible viabilidad del aprendizaje basado en géneros como una práctica a implementar de forma sistemática. Estas entrevistas se examinaron siguiendo procedimientos propios del análisis de contenido, para lo que se utilizó el software MAXQDA.
Los resultados muestran que el currículo sugiere un rol más proactivo y colaborativo del profesor de inglés. Sin embargo, el testimonio de los profesores evidencia la necesidad de dotar al profesor de inglés de una mayor presencia en centros AICLE. En cuanto a su propia visión, los participantes demuestran actitudes positivas hacia el programa bilingüe y se sienten responsables de proporcionar a sus alumnos las herramientas lingüísticas necesarias en este contexto. Además, reconocen que el aprendizaje basado en géneros puede reportar múltiples beneficios para tal fin y lo ven como algo factible de implementar.
Esta tesis cierra abordando las implicaciones de estos resultados de cara a futuras regulaciones,desarrollo de nuevos currículos o formación del profesorado de lenguas en contextos AICLE.
English has become much more than a foreign language. In our global world, the English language is now an indispensable tool which opens up professional, educational and mobility opportunities for citizens. In this context, multilingualism is understood as the ability to communicate functionally in a variety of situations by mobilising their linguistic resources and repertoire resulting from dynamic and plurilingual trajectories (Cenoz & Gorter, 2020). It is for that reason that long-established pedagogies in the field of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) are being challenged by the need to look for approaches which better meet the linguistic demands of our globalised society. In the last two decades, Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) has spread across Europe as the most effective educational approach to provide learners with the linguistic tools which society demands from them. Since CLIL consists of teaching content subjects through a foreign language with dual aims (Coyle et al., 2010), CLIL classrooms are regarded as a natural environment for foreign language acquisition. Thus, CLIL has been considered the new communicative approach (Graddol, 2006; Pérez-Vidal, 2009) because it creates favourable conditions for authentic language use in ways which EFL cannot offer. After years of enthusiasm because of the substantial benefits of CLIL, it is now time to examine the areas for improvement. And one of them is precisely language. Although it was initially supposed to be the vehicle for communication which would be acquired naturally in the classroom, the extensive research and years of implementation have demonstrated that more explicit attention to language is still missing and that engaging in content subjects entails particular literacy in subject-specific academic discourse. To develop this proficiency, language has to be scaffolded properly, which is not always the reality of CLIL classrooms. In parallel, EFL instruction and EFL teachers, particularly in Secondary Education, seem to be disconnected from what is going on in the CLIL classroom. Although they are the language specialists, the role and responsibilities of EFL teachers working in CLIL Secondary settings have not been sufficiently regulated. In view of the need for more research on the changing roles of EFL teachers, this study sets out to explore the redefinition of such roles, particularly when they are mediated by need to attend specific language demands in CLIL Secondary contexts. This general objective encompasses three specific objectives. First of all, it is the purpose of this study to identify the shift of roles which EFL teachers may have experienced since the implementation of CLIL, from both top-down and bottom-up perspectives. Secondly, the transformation of teachers’ professional roles cannot be disassociated from their cognition, particularly their set of beliefs about the role of language, its relation with content or their own role as language teachers. This aspect becomes a cornerstone in the process of analysing the potential success of an hypothetical curricular remodelling and reshaping of the teachers’ job. For this reason, this study aims at investigating language teachers' understanding of their own roles and the impact they may have on desired practices. Finally, in order to analyse how EFL teachers can provide specific scaffolding for disciplinary literacy, it is the purpose of this research to examine possibilities of implementing a genre-based learning pedagogy in the EFL classroom. To do so, this study focuses in the context of Madrid CLIL Programme in Secondary Education settings. Six English teachers working in three different high schools take part in this multi-case study, which consists of the analysis of different sets of data. The English curriculum and the three school syllabi for this subject were analysed in order to find out whether the existing policy prescribes specific responsibilities for English teachers in CLIL contexts. Then, initial questionnaires were administered to ascertain whether some new roles suggested by the literature are already being enacted, and to unravel some of the participants’ beliefs about CLIL. Then, the participants tested a pedagogical intervention which put into practice a genre-based pedagogy focused on the development of a History school genre. After that, interviews were conducted with the participants, which were later analysed following content analysis procedures. Questions related to the three specific objectives were included in these interviews, including the feasibility of the genre-based pedagogy as a systematic teaching practice for the future. The results show that some guidelines in the curriculum seem to indicate that we are moving towards a more proactive, collaborative and advisory role of EFL teachers. However, the daily-life reality reported by the participants reveals that much is yet left to be done for EFL teachers to assume more agency. When it comes to their vision of their own role, the participating teachers display positive attitudes towards CLIL and feel responsible for the scaffolding and development of the specific linguistic competences needed by their learners in CLIL context subjects. Furthermore, the participants acknowledge the benefits which implementing a genre-based approach in the EFL subject may have to build academic and subject-specific literacy and see it as something doable in the foreseeable future. Drawing on these findings, this thesis offers a final discussion on the implications which these findings have for policy and curriculum development, teacher education, teacher cognition as a key element and future directions for genre-based pedagogies as the way forward for EFL in CLIL settings.
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